This story requires a subscription
This includes a single user license.
The agency said in a new report that the last two winters in the Northern Hemisphere were exceptionally mild, keeping global natural gas markets well supplied and balanced at relatively low prices.
Prices going into this winter are only slightly higher than last year at the same time based on current forward natural gas and liquefied natural gas (LNG) prices in Europe and Asia.
If weather remains mild this winter as in the past two winters, the EIA expects a relatively stable global supply-demand balance with prices similar to the previous two winters.
But if Europe and Asia experience colder temperatures this winter than in the past two years or other operational and market risks materialize, global supply-demand balances could tighten, leading to elevated natural gas prices and potential price spikes, the EIA said.
Limited LNG supply growth
The agency said several issues could affect global natural gas balances this winter, including LNG supply growth and shifts in pipeline flows,
The EIA expects LNG supply growth limited LNG capacity additions to come online this winter, mostly in the United States, while less natural gas could be supplied by pipeline to Europe if the Russia-Ukraine natural gas transit contract set to expire at the end of 2024 is not renewed.
Moreover, there could be delays in the start-up of new projects, issues with availability of natural gas feedstock for exports, unplanned outages at LNG export facilities, and geopolitical events that could alter LNG trade flows, potentially reducing available supply.
The EIA said that a cold winter with sustained, lower-than-normal temperatures in one or more regions in the Northern Hemisphere could occur as El Niño changes to La Niña this year.
This change in climate patterns may increase natural gas demand, creating competition for spot LNG supplies between Europe and Asia.
According to the agency, colder weather in the US could reduce storage inventories and increase US domestic Henry Hub prices, affecting LNG export prices from the US.
Other LNG import markets, including Brazil and Egypt, could also increase LNG demand, intensifying competition for spot LNG among regions, further tightening balances.
Also, issues related to electricity supply could affect demand for LNG as a fuel source for power generation, such as nuclear availability and restarts in Europe and Asia, renewable energy output, and fuel availability and costs to power stations, which affect dispatch economics, the agency said.
Prices
In 2024, LNG front-month futures prices continued to decline and remained consistently lower than in 2022 and 2023.
This year, global natural gas prices at key benchmarks in East Asia (JKM) and in Europe at the Title Transfer Facility (TTF) decreased by more than 50 percent compared with 2022 and by more than 20 percent compared with 2023, according to data from Bloomberg Finance.
So far this year (January–October), JKM prices in East Asia averaged $11.47 per million British thermal units (MMBtu), and TTF prices in Europe averaged $10.37/MMBtu.
Natural gas prices have continued to decline this year mainly in response to high inventories in Europe, less natural gas consumption, and relatively stable global natural gas supplies, the EIA said.
Current forward prices at TTF and JKM for the upcoming winter average around $15/MMBtu.
New LNG projects
The EIA said most of the new LNG export projects are located in the United States, including the first of seven mid-scale trains at Cheniere’s Corpus Christi LNG Stage 3, Venture Global Plaquemines LNG Phase 1, and additional capacity at Freeport LNG achieved through engineering and operational optimization.
The combined nominal capacity of these US LNG export projects is 1.7 billion cubic feet per day (Bcf/d).
However, during the initial start-up phase, new LNG export projects operate below nominal capacity and require several months to reach full production, the EIA noted,
Other markets byeond the US are also adding LNG export capacity.
In Mexico, a new LNG export facility on the east coast—NFE’S Fast LNG Altamira—shipped its first cargo in August 2024 and reached full production capacity in October.
A new LNG export project offshore Senegal and Mauritania is on track to start LNG production by the end of 2024, the EIA said.
This is BP’s Tortue FLNG project.
After shipping several cargoes, Russia’s Arctic-2 LNG export facility shut down in October mainly because of sanctions and may not produce LNG during the upcoming winter, the EIA said.
Natural gas storage in Europe and Asia
The EIA said natural gas storage inventories in Europe are near-full ahead of winter 2024–25, while increased LNG imports in Asia amid mild temperatures in September and October may indicate a rapid refilling of inventories.
Natural gas storage inventories in the EU as of October 31, 2024, were 95 percent full.
Since the EU enacted policies requiring storage operators to maximize storage injections during the refill season, the EU’s natural gas storage inventories have been full ahead of the winter heating season in both 2023 and 2024, the EIA noted.
The EIA said storage capacity in East Asia is mostly limited to above-ground cryogenic storage tanks co-located with LNG import (regasification) terminals, and it helps meet seasonal peaks in demand.
LNG inventories in Japan and South Korea were relatively low at the end of this past winter heating season but remained close to 2023 peak levels in subsequent months, the agency said.
In China, where natural gas storage capacity can meet about 12 percent of the country’s annual natural gas consumption, record LNG imports from August to October 2024 may indicate strong refill of storage inventories ahead of winter, it said.
In the US—the world’s largest LNG exporter—storage inventories were close to maximum volumes as of November 8, exceeding last year’s inventories by 3 percent.
US LNG exports to continue to help balance global natural gas markets
The US became the world’s largest LNG exporter in 2023 and will be the key supplier to global LNG markets, the agency noted,
In EIA’s November 2024 short-term energy outlook, the agnecy forecasts that US LNG exports will average 13.7 Bcf/d in the 2024–25 winter, 8 percent (1 Bcf/d) more than in the previous winter as new and expanded projects come online in the next several months.
Potential project start-up delays or other technical issues may affect EIA’s forecast.
The agency said that a colder winter could lead to high storage draws and lower storage inventory in the US this winter, increasing domestic Henry Hub prices, which in turn would affect US LNG export prices.
Operational issues such as unplanned maintenance and/or production freeze-offs could affect both export volumes and prices at US LNG facilities and raise international LNG prices, the EIA said.
La Niña
The agency said that one or more regions in the Northern Hemisphere may experience colder winter temperatures this year, as weather models point to a possible shift from El Niño to La Niña.
Weather models indicate the likelihood of the formation of La Niña, which is generally associated with colder, drier weather in much of the Northern Hemisphere during the winter.
The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts predicts a colder winter in Northwest and Central Europe.
The last two winters were exceptionally warm, contributing to relatively low natural gas consumption in Europe, higher end-of-season storage inventories, and lower natural gas prices, the EIA said.
EU’s gas consumption down
As in the previous two winters, countries in Europe will continue implementing natural gas conservation measures and importing LNG supplies to replace natural gas pipeline imports from Russia, the agency said.
EU countries reduced natural gas consumption by 18 percent from August 2022 through March 2023.
In the first eight months of 2024, the EU’s natural gas consumption declined by 22 percent relative to the average consumption between April 2017 and March 2022, the EIA said.
EU countries expanded LNG import capacity by more than one-third between 2021 and 2024 and expect more regasification capacity expansions this winter.
The EIA estimates regasification capacity to expand in Germany, Italy, Greece, and Poland by a combined 3.5 Bcf/d by January 2025.
The potential expiration of the Russia-Ukraine natural gas transit contract at the end of December could reduce natural gas pipeline flows into Europe.
After declining by more than 40 percent in 2022, Russia’s pipeline exports to the EU via the sole remaining route transiting Ukraine consistently averaged 1.2 Bcf/d to 1.4 Bcf/d in 2023–24, the EIA said.
Imports by pipeline from Norway and North Africa have limited potential for growth.
Europe would have to offset the further loss of Russian supply mainly by importing more LNG and drawing down natural gas in storage.
The European Network of Transmission System Operators for Gas (ENTSOG) estimates in its Winter Supply Outlook 2024–25 that without Russian supplies Europe would exit the winter heating season with storage 40 percent full under a normal winter scenario.
Storage would be just 11 percent full under a cold winter scenario, assuming LNG supplies remain at levels similar to the past two winters, and 26 percent full, assuming higher LNG supplies than in the previous two winters.
Should the weather turn out colder than the previous two winters in Europe, and should Asia also experience a colder winter, the global supply-demand balances will tighten given the limited incremental LNG supply coming online, the EIA said.
LNG consumption in China remains key uncertainty this winter
The agency said that LNG consumption in East Asia, particularly in China, remains a key uncertainty this winter with potentially large implications for global supply-demand balances.
LNG consumption in Japan–the world’s second-largest LNG importer–has declined every winter during the past four winters.
Japan’s consumption fell by 18 percent, or 2.7 Bcf/d, between the winter of 2020–21 and 2023–24.
The EIA does not expect a reversal of this trend.
LNG imports in South Korea—the world’s third-largest LNG importer—have been relatively flat, varying by 0.2 Bcf/d to 0.5 Bcf/d during the past four winters.
China—the world’s largest LNG importer in 2023—imports LNG using long-term contracts and spot market arrangements.
China’s regasification capacity is set to expand by 2.8 Bcf/d this winter, mostly in southern China, which is not directly affected by winter demand patterns, the EIA said.
This year, China’s LNG imports during low seasonal demand in September and October set all-time monthly records, which could indicate LNG stockpiling ahead of the upcoming winter, the EIA said.
China increased its pipeline imports by 1 Bcf/d (15 percent) in January–September 2024 compared with the 2023 annual average.
This increase came mainly from Russia via the Power of Siberia 1 pipeline, which continues to ramp up to full production, with a target to reach 3.7 Bcf/d in export flows by 2025, the EIA said.
Should China experience a colder-than-normal winter, it could substantially increase LNG imports, as was the case in the winter of 2017–18, further tightening the global supply-demand balance, the agency said.
If Europe also experiences a colder winter, buyers in Europe would have to compete for spot LNG cargoes, which in turn would raise prices at both European and Asian price hubs, especially if fuel switching is not possible, the EIA said.